SOLAR TREATMENT OF WATER UNIT

PhD Thesis


Dennis Deemter

Thesis title:

Application of Advanced Integrated Technologies (Membrane and Photo-Oxidation Processes) for the Removal of CECs contained in Urban Wastewater


Completion date: February 2024

Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Research Centre: Solar Treatment of Water Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Sixto Malato and Prof. Dr. Ana Maria Amat

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Effect of salinity on preconcentration of contaminants of emerging concern by nanofiltration: Application of solar photo-Fenton as a tertiary treatment. (2021) Science of the Total Environment, 756, 143593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143593

  • Valorization of UWWTP effluents for ammonium recovery and MC elimination by advanced AOPs. (2022) Science of the Total Environment 823, 153693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153693

  • Advances in membrane separation of urban wastewater effluents for (pre) concentration of microcontaminants and nutrient recovery: A mini review. (2022) Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 11, 100298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100298

  • Novel Photocatalytic TiO2-Zirconia Ultrafiltration Membrane and Combination with Solar Photo-Fenton Tertiary Treatment of Urban Wastewater. (2022) Catalysts 12, 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050552


Melina Roccamante

Thesis title:

Nuevas tecnologías solares aplicadas a la eliminación de contaminantes de preocupación emergente presentes en aguas naturales


Completion date: January 2023

University of Almería, Department of Chemical Engineering.

Research Centre: Solar Treatment of Water Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Sixto Malato and Dr. Sara Miralles

Related peer-reviewed articles:


Ilaria Berruti

Thesis title:

Assessment of novel Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Simultaneous Disinfection and Decontamination of Water.


Completion date: April 2022

Univ. Politecnica de Valencia. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183052

Research Centre: Solar Water Treatment Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Dr. Inmaculada Polo López and Dr. Marcello Manfredi

Related peer-reviewed articles:


Iván Sciscenko

Thesis title:

Emerging Photochemical Processes Involving Iron for Wastewater Treatment


Completion date: October 2021

Univ. Politecnica de Valencia. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183052

Research Centre: Univ. Politecnica de Valencia and Solar Water Treatment Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Antonio Arqués, Dr. Isabel Oller and Dr. Carlos Escudero

Related peer-reviewed articles:


Elizângela Pinheiro da Costa

Thesis title:

Removal of contaminants of emerging concern and disinfection in secondary municipal wastewater by circumneutral solar photo-Fenton in open reactors


Completion date: May 2021

Post-Graduation Program on Sanitation, Environment and Water Resources of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Research Centre: Escola de Engenharia (Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brasil) and Solar Water Treatment Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Camila Costa de Amorim Amaral and Prof. Sixto Malato

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Simultaneous removal of emerging contaminants and disinfection for municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent quality improvement: a systemic analysis of the literature. (2021). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 24092–24111.

  • Aluminized surface to improve solar light absorption in open reactors: Application for micropollutants removal in effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants. (2021). Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142624

  • New trend on open solar photoreactors to treat micropollutants by photo-Fenton at circumneutral pH: Increasing optical pathway. (2020). Chemical Engineering Journal, 385, 123982

  • Degradation of carbendazim in water via photo-Fenton in Raceway Pond Reactor: assessment of acute toxicity and transformation products. (2019). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 4324–4336


Gulnara Maniakova

Thesis title:

Tertiary treatment of urban wastewater by advanced oxidation processes


Completion date: April 2021

University of Salerno, Department of Civil Engineering

Research Centre: Univ. of Salerno and Solar Water Treatment Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Prof. Luigi Rizzo and Prof. Sixto Malato

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Comparison between heterogeneous and homogeneous solar driven advanced oxidation processes for urban wastewater treatment: Pharmaceuticals removal and toxicity. (2020). Separation and Purification Technology, 2020, 236, 116249.

  •  Simultaneous removal of contaminants of emerging concern and pathogens from urban wastewater by homogeneous solar driven advanced oxidation processes. (2021). Science of the Total Environment, 766, 144320.

  • Sunlight advanced oxidation processes vs ozonation for wastewater disinfection and safe reclamation. (2021).  Science of the Total Environment 787, 147531

  • Removal of carbamazepine, diclofenac and trimethoprim by solar driven advanced oxidation processes in a compound triangular collector based reactor: A comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous processes. (2019). Chemosphere, 238 124665 

  • Solar photo-Fenton at circumneutral pH using Fe(III)-EDDS compared to ozonation for tertiary treatment of urban wastewater: Contaminants of emerging concern removal and toxicity assessment.(2022). Chemical Engineering Journal 431, 133474.

  • Simultaneous disinfection and microcontaminants elimination of urban wastewater secondary effluent by solar advanced oxidation sequential treatment at pilot scale. (2022). J. Hazar. Mat. 436, 129134.


Irene Salmerón García

Thesis title:

Evaluation of electrochemical processes assisted by solar energy for water depuration


Completion date: September 2020

University of Almería, Department of Chemical Engineering

Research Centre: Solar Treatment of Water Unit (PSA)

Supervisor: Dr. Isabel Oller

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Solar photo-assisted electrochemical processes applied to actual industrial and urban wastewaters: A practical approach based on recent literature. (2021). Chemosphere, 279, 130560.

  • Carbon-based cathodes degradation during electro-Fenton treatment at pilot scale: Changes in H2O2 electrogeneration. (2021).  Chemosphere, 275, 129962.

  • Electrochemically assisted photocatalysis for the simultaneous degradation of organic micro-contaminants and inactivation of microorganisms in water. (2021). Process Safety and Environmental Protection,147, 488–496
  • Nanofiltration retentate treatment from urban wastewater secondary effluent by solar electrochemical oxidation processes. (2021). Separation and Purification Technology, 254, 117614
  • Electro-oxidation process assisted by solar energy for the treatment of wastewater with high salinity. (2020). Science of the Total Environment, 705, 135831
  • Optimization of electrocatalytic H2O2 production at pilot plant scale for solar-assisted water treatment.  Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 242, 327-336.

Samira Nahim Granados

Thesis title:

Assessment of solar-driven processes and ozonation for disinfection, decontamination and reuse of fresh-cut wastewater


Completion date: January 2020

University of Almería – Biotechnology and Industrial Bioprocesses Ph.D.

Research Centre: Solar Water Treatment Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Dra. Inmaculada Polo López y Dr. Jose Antonio Sánchez Pérez

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Effective solar processes in fresh-cut wastewater disinfection: inactivation of pathogenic coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis. Catalysis Today. (2018). 313, 79-85.
  • Commercial fertilizer as effective iron chelate (Fe3+-EDDHA) for wastewater disinfection under natural sunlight for reusing in irrigation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental.(2019). 253, 286–292.
  • Fresh-cut wastewater disinfection and decontamination by ozonation at pilot scale. Water Research.(2020). 170, 115304,. DOI: 1016/j.watres.2019.115304.

Ana Ruiz Delgado

Thesis title:

Integración de procesos fotoquímicos solares con otras técnicas avanzadas de análisis para el tratamiento y revalorización de aguas residuales complejas

Integration of solar photochemical processes with other advanced techniques of analysis for the treatment and revalorization of complex wastewater


Completion date: September 2019

University of Almería – Advanced Chemistry Ph.D.

Research Centre: Solar Water Treatment Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Dra. Isabel Oller Alberola y Dra. Ana Agüera López

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Natural chelating agents from olive mill wastewater to enable photo-Fenton-like reactions at natural pH. Catalysis Today, (2019). 328, 281–285.
  • Advanced evaluation of landfill leachate treatments by low and high resolution mass spectrometry focusing on microcontaminant removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials,(2019). 384, 121372. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121372.
  • Olive mill wastewater reuse to enable solar photo-Fenton-like processes for the elimination of priority substances in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. (2020). Under revision.

Paula Soriano Molina

Thesis title:

Kinetic modeling of solar photo-Fenton process for micropollutant removal from municipal WWTP effluents in low-cost reactors.

Modelado cinético del proceso foto-Fenton solar para la eliminación de microcontaminantes presentes en efluentes de depuradora con reactores de bajo coste.


Completion date: May 2019

University of Almería – Biotechnology and Industrial Bioprocesses Ph.D.

Research Centre: CIESOL (Joint Centre UAL-CIEMAT)

Supervisors: Dr. José Antonio Sánchez Pérez and Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Effect of volumetric rate of photon absorption on the kinetics of micropollutant removal by solar photo-Fenton with Fe3+-EDDS at neutral pH. Chemical Engineering Journal, (2018). 331, 84 – 92.
  • Mechanistic modeling of solar photo-Fenton process with Fe3+-EDDS at neutral pH. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental,(2018). 233, 234 – 242.
  • Assessment of solar raceway pond reactors form removal of contaminants of emerging concern by photo-Fenton at circumneutral pH from very different municipal wastewater effluents. Chemical Engineering Journal,(2019). 366, 141 – 149.
  • On the design and operation of solar photo-Fenton open reactors for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern from WWTP effluents at neutral pH. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental,(2019). 256. DOI: 1016/j.apcatb.2019.117801
  • Two strategies of solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH for the simultaneous disinfection and removal of contaminants of emerging concern. Comparative assessment in raceway pond reactors. Catalysis Today, (2019). In press. DOI: 1016/j.cattod.2019.11.028.

Laura Ponce Robles

Thesis title:

Wastewater Treatment by Solar Irradiation and Ozone based processes. Evaluation by Advanced Analytical and Microbiological Techniques.

Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Mediante Procesos Basados en la Radiación Solar y el Ozono. Evaluación mediante Técnicas analíticas y microbiológicas avanzadas.


Completion date: July 2018

University of Almería - Advance Chemical PhD
Research Centre: Solar Water Treatment Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Prof. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Isabel Oller Alberola

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Cork boiling wastewater treatment and reuse through combination of advanced oxidation technologies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,(2017). 24(7), 6317-6328.
  • Determination of pesticides in sewage sludge from an agro-food industry using QuEChERS extraction followed by analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, (2017). 409(26), 6181-6193.
  • Application of a multivariate analysis method for non-target screening detection of persistent transformation products during the cork boiling wastewater treatment. Science of The Total Environment, (2018). 633, 508-517.
  • Practical approach to the evaluation of industrial wastewater treatment by the application of advanced microbiological techniques. Ecotox. Environ. Safety, (2018). 166, 123–131.
  • Microbiological evaluation of combined advanced chemical-biological oxidation technologies for the treatment of cork boiling wastewater. Science of The Total Environment, (2019). (in revision, Major revision)

María Castro Alférez

Thesis title:

Kinetic modelling of the Escherichia coli inactivation in water by solar radiation: applications to SODIS

Modelado cinético de la inactivación de Escherichia coli en agua mediante radiación solar: aplicaciones a la desinfección “SODIS”


Completion date: 2017

University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA)

Supervisors: Dr. Pilar Fernández Ibáñez, Dr. María Inmaculada Polo López and Dr. Javier Marugán Aguado

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Intracellular mechanisms of solar water disinfection. Nature Scientific Reports, (2016) 6:38145, DOI: 10.1038/srep38145
  • Mechanistic model of the Escherichia coli inactivation by solar disinfection based on the photo-generation of internal ROS and the photo-inactivation of enzymes: CAT and SOD. Chemical Engineering Journal, 318 (2017) 214–223
  • Mechanistic modeling of UV and mild-heat synergistic effect on solar water disinfection. Chemical Engineering Journal. 316 (2017) 111–120
  • Validation of a solar-thermal water disinfection model for Escherichia coli inactivation in pilot scale solar reactors and real conditions. Chemical Engineering Journal 331 (2018) 831–840

Stefanos Papoutsakis

Thesis title:

Enhancing the photo-Fenton treatment of contaminated water by use of ultrasound and iron-complexing agents

Mejora del proceso de foto-Fenton de aguas contaminadas mediante ultrasonidos y agentes complejantes del hierro


Completion date: 2015
School of Basic Sciences, Doctoral Program in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Suiza.
Research Centre: EPFL and Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Prof. Cesar Pulgarín and Dr. Sixto Malato

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Coupling between high-frequency ultrasound and solar photo-Fenton at pilot scale for the treatment of organic contaminants: An initial approach. Ultras. Sonochem., 22 (2015) 527-534.
  • Benefits and limitations of using Fe(III)-EDDS for the treatment of highly contaminated water at near-neutral pH. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 303 (2015), 1-7.
  • Microcontaminant degradation in municipal wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent by EDDS assisted photo-Fenton at near-neutral pH: An experimental design approach. Catalysis Today, 252 (2015) 61-69.
  • Elimination of the iodinated contrast agent iohexol in water, wastewater and urine matrices by application of photo-Fenton and ultrasound advanced oxidation processes. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 3 (2015) 2002–2009, 2015.

Noelia García Miranda

Thesis title:

Degradación de contaminantes emergentes mediante TiO2 inmovilizado e irradiación solar

Degradation of emerging contaminants by immobilized TiO2 and solar radiation


Completion date: 2015
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. M. Ignacio Maldonado and Dra. Silvia Suárez

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Degradation study of fifteen emerging contaminants at low concentration by immobilized TiO2 in a pilot plant. Catalysis Today 151 (2010) 107-113.
  • Photocatalytic degradation of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plan effluents using immobilized TiO2 in a solar pilot plant. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 102 (2011) 294.
  • Regeneration approaches for TiO2 immobilized photocatalyst used in the elimination of emerging contaminants in water. Catalysis Today. 230 (2014) 27-34.

Margarita Jiménez Tototzintle

Thesis title:

Desarrollo de nuevas estrategias basadas en fotocatálisis solar para la regeneración de aguas de una industria agro-alimentaria

Development of new strategies based on solar photocatalysis for water regeneration of agro-food industry


Completion date: 2015
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. M. Ignacio Maldonado, Dra. Isabel Oller, Dra. Aracely Hernández

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Remediation of agro-food industry effluents by biotreatment combined with supported TiO2/H2O2 solar photocatalysis, Chemical Engineering Journal, 273 (2015), pp. 205–213.
  • Supported TiO2 solar photocatalysis at semi-pilot scale: degradation of pesticides found in citrus processing industry wastewater, reactivity and influence of photogenerated species. Journal of Chemistry Technology and Biotechnology, 90 (2015), pp. 149-157.

Elisabet Ortega Gómez

Thesis title:

Inactivación de microorganismos presentes en aguas mediante foto-Fenton solar a pH neutro.

Microorganisms inactivation in wastewater by solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH.


Completion date: 2015
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: CIESOL

Supervisors: Dr. José Antonio Sánchez Pérez, Dr. Pilar Fernández Ibáñez and Dr. M. Menta Ballesteros

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis in simulated wastewater treatment plant effluent by solar photo-Fenton at initial neutral pH. Catalysis Today 209 (2013) 195– 200.
  • Water disinfection using photo-Fenton: Effect of temperature on Enterococcus faecalis survival. Water Research, 46 (2012) 6154-6162.
  • Solar photo-Fenton for water disinfection: An investigation of the competitive role of model organic matter for oxidative species. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 148-149 (2014), 484-489.
  • Inactivation of natural enteric bacteria in real municipal wastewater by solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH. Water Research, 63 (2014) 316-324.
  • Principal parameters affecting virus inactivation by the solar photo-Fenton process at neutral pH and µM concentrations of H2O2 and Fe2+/3+ Applied Catalysis B:  Environmental, 174-175 (2015) 395-402.
  • Is wastewater disinfection by photo-Fenton at neutral pH limited by solar irradiance? Applied Catalysis B:  Environmental, under revision (2015).

Sara Miralles Cuevas

Thesis title:

Eliminación de micro-contaminantes mediante combinación de procesos de membrana (nanofiltración) y procesos avanzados de oxidación.

Elimination of micro-contaminants by combining membrane processes (nanofiltration) and advanced oxidation processes.


Completion date: 2015
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Jose A. Sánchez Pérez.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Combined nanofiltration and photo-Fenton treatment of water containing micropollutants. Chem. Eng. J., 224, 89–95, 2013.
  • Pharmaceuticals removal from natural water by nanofiltration combined with advanced tertiary treatments (solar photo-Fenton, photo-Fenton-like Fe (III)-EDDS complex and ozonation).  Sep. Pur. Technol., 122, 515-522, 2014.
  • Removal of pharmaceuticals at microg L-1 by combined nanofiltration and mild solar photo-Fenton. Chem. Eng. J., 239, 68-74, 2014.
  • Removal of pharmaceuticals from MWTP effluent concentrate by nanofiltration and solar photo-Fenton using different iron complexes at neutral pH. Wat. Res., 64, 23-31, 2014.
  • Strategies for hydrogen peroxide dosing based on dissolved oxygen concentration for solar photo-Fenton treatment of complex wastewater. Global NEST Journal, 16 (3), 553-560, 2014
  • Application of solar photo-Fenton at circumneutral pH to nanofiltration concentrates for removal of pharmaceuticals in MWTP effluents. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 846–855, 2015.

Alejandro Cabrera Reina

Thesis title:

Combinación de fotocatálisis solar con biorreactores de membrana para el tratamiento de aguas tóxicas. Modelado del proceso de foto-Fenton como herramienta de diseño y optimización.

Combination of solar photocatalysis and MBRs for toxic water treatment. Modelling photo-Fenton as a tool for optimization and design.


Completion date: 2014
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: CIESOL (Joint Centre UAL-CIEMAT).

Supervisors: Dr José Luis Casas, Dr Manuel Ignacio Maldonado, Dr Lucas Santos-Juanes

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Effects of Environmental Variables on the Photo-Fenton Plant Design. Chemical Engineering Journal, 237 (2014) 469–477.
  • Biological oxygen demand as a tool to predict membrane bioreactor best operating conditions for a photo-Fenton pre-treated toxic wastewater. J. Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 90 (2015) 110-119.
  • Modeling the photo-Fenton oxidation of the pharmaceutical paracetamol in water including the effect of photon absorption (VRPA). Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 166-167 (2015) 295-301.

Irene Carra Ruiz

Thesis title:

Operating strategies for the application of the photo-Fenton process to remove persistent pollutants.


Completion date: 2014
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: CIESOL (Joint Centre UAL-CIEMAT).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Jose A. Sánchez Pérez.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Iron dosage as a strategy to operate the photo-Fenton process at initial neutral pH. Chem. Eng. J., 224, 67–74, 2013.
  • Study of iron sources and hydrogen peroxide supply in the photo-Fenton process. J. Chem. Technol. Biotech., 88, 636-643, 2013.
  • Microcontaminant removal by solar photo-Fenton at natural pH run with sequential and continuous iron additions. Chem. Eng. J., 235, 132-140, 2014.
  • Phenomenological study and application of the combined influence of iron concentration and irradiance on the photo-Fenton process to remove micropollutants. Sci. Tot. Environ., 478, 123-132, 2014.
  • New approach to solar photo-Fenton operation. Raceway ponds as tertiary treatment technology. J. Hazar. Mat., 279, 322-329, 2014.
  • Modelling Micropollutant Removal By Solar Photo-Fenton. Global NEST Journal, 16 (3), 445-454, 2014.

Lucía del Pilar Prieto Rodríguez

Thesis title:

Eliminación de Microcontaminantes orgánicos presentes en aguas residuales urbanas mediante combinación de procesos de depuración biológica y oxidación química.

Elimination of microcontaminants in municipal wastewaters by combining biotreatment and chemical oxidation.


Completion date: 2013
University of Almería - Dep. Chemistry and Physics
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Isabel Oller Alberola and Dr. Ana Agüera López.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Hydrogen peroxide automatic dosing based on dissolved oxygen concentration during solar photo-Fenton. Catalysis Today, 161, 247–254, 2011.
  • Treatment of emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluents by solar photocatalysis using low TiO2 concentrations. J. Hazar. Mat. 211– 212, 131– 137, 2012.
  • Optimization of mild solar TiO2 photocatalysis as a tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 128, 119– 125, 2012.
  • Application of solar AOPs and ozonation for elimination of micropollutants in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents. Wat. Res., 47, 1521-1528, 2013.
  • Solar photo-Fenton optimization for the treatment of MWTP effluents containing emerging contaminants. Catalysis Today, 209 188-194, 2013.

M. Inmaculada Polo-López

Thesis title:

Inactivación de fito-patógenos presentes en agua mediante fotocatálisis solar.

Inactivation of phytopathogens in water by photocatalysis.


Completion date: 2012
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Pilar Fernández Ibáñez and Dr. Isabel Oller Alberola

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Resistance of Fusarium sp spores to solar TiO2 photocatalysis: influence of spore type and water (scaling-up results). J. Chem. Technol. Biotech., 85 (2010) 1038–1048.
  • Solar disinfection of fungal spores in water aided by low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Photochemical & Photobiological Science, 10 (2011) 381–388.
  • Bacteria and fungi inactivation using Fe3+/sunlight, H2O2/sunlight and near neutral photo-Fenton: a comparative study. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 121-122 (2012) 20-29.
  • Mild solar photo-Fenton: An effective tool for the removal of Fusarium from simulated municipal effluents. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 111- 112 (2012) 545-554.
  • Benefits of Photo-Fenton at low concentrations for solar disinfection of water. A case study: Phytophthora capsici. Catalysis Today 209 (2013) 181– 187.
  • Solar Advanced Oxidation Processes as disinfection tertiary treatments for real wastewater: implications for water reclamation. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 136– 137 (2013) 341– 350.
  • Disinfection of real and simulated urban wastewater effluents using a mild solar photo-Fenton. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 150-151 (2014) 619-629.
  • Assessment of solar photo-Fenton, photocatalysis, and H2O2 for removal of phytopathogenic fungi spores in synthetic and real effluents of urban wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 257 (2014) 122-130.

Ana Zapata Sierra

Thesis title:

Descontaminación de aguas biorecalcitrantes mediante foto-Fenton solar y oxidación biológica a escala industrial. Efecto de las variables del proceso fotocatalítico sobre la eficiencia del tratamiento combinado.

Decontamination of biorecalcitrant wastewater by solar photo-Fenton and biotreatment at industrial scale. Effect of photocatalytic main process parameters on treatment efficiency


Completion date: 2011
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: SOLAR TREATMENT OF WATER UNIT (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. José A. Sánchez-Pérez.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Photo-Fenton treatment vs. coupling of photo-Fenton and biological wastewater treatment for pharmaceutical industry contaminants. J. Adv. Oxid. Technol., 11, 261-269, 2008.
  • Solar photo-Fenton treatment of pesticides in water: Effect of iron concentration on degradation and assessment of ecotoxicity and biodegradability. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 88, 448–454. 2009.
  • Evaluation of operational parameters involved in solar photo-Fenton degradation of a commercial pesticide mixture. Catalysis Today, 144, 94-99. 2009.
  • Evaluation of operating parameters involved in solar photo-Fenton treatment of wastewater: Interdependence of initial pollutant concentration, temperature and iron concentration. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 97, 292–298, 2010.
  • Scale-up strategy for a combined solar photo-Fenton/biological system for remediation of pesticide-contaminated water. Catalysis Today, 151, 100–106, 2010.
  • Decontamination of industrial wastewater containing pesticides by combining large-scale homogeneous solar photocatalysis and biological treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 160, 447–456, 2010.

Nikolaus Klamerth

Thesis title:

Application of a Solar Photo-Fenton for the Treatment of Contaminants in Municipal Wastewater Effluents.


Completion date: 2011
University of Almería - Dep. Hydrology and Analytical Chemistry
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Photo-Fenton Decomposition of Chlorfenvinphos. Determination of Reaction Pathway. Wat. Res., 43, 441-449, 2009.
  • Degradation of emerging contaminants at low concentrations in MWTPs effluents with mild solar photo-Fenton and TiO2. Catalysis Today, 144, 124–130. 2009.
  • Degradation of fifteen emerging contaminants at µg L-1 initial concentrations by mild solar photo-Fenton in MWTP effluents. Wat. Res., 44, 545-554, 2010.
  • Application of photo-Fenton as a tertiary treatment of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater. Env. Sci. Technol., 44, 1792-1798, 2010.
  • Modified photo-Fenton for degradation of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater effluents. Catalysis Today, 161, 241–246, 2011.
  • Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents with Modified Photo-Fenton As a Tertiary Treatment for the Degradation of Micro Pollutants and Disinfection. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 2885−2892, 2012.
  • Photo-Fenton and modified photo-Fenton at neutral pH for the treatment of emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents: a comparison. Wat. Res., 47, 833-840, 2013.

Carla Sirtori

Thesis title:

Evaluación analítica de procesos de transformación biológica, fotoquímica y fotocatalítica de fármacos en agua.

Analytical evaluation of transformation of pharmaceuticals by biological, photochemical and photocatalytic processes


Completion date: 2010
University of Almería - Dep. Hydrology and Anal. Chem.
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Ana Agüera López.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Decontamination industrial pharmaceutical wastewater by combining solar photo-Fenton and biological treatment. Wat. Res., 43, 661–668, 2009.
  • Solar photo–Fenton as finishing step for biological treatment of a real pharmaceutical wastewater. Env. Sci. Technol., 43, 1185-1191, 2009.
  • Solar photocatalytic treatment of quinolones: intermediates and toxicity evaluation.  Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 8, 644–651, 2009.
  • Effect of water-matrix composition on Trimethoprim solar photodegradation kinetics and pathways. Wat. Res., 44, 2735-2744, 2010.
  • Solar photo-Fenton degradation of nalidixic acid in waters and wastewaters of different composition. Analytical assessment by LC-TOF-MS. Wat. Res., 45, 1736-1744, 2011.
  • Formation of chlorinated by-products during photo-Fenton degradation of pyrimethanil under saline conditions. Influence on toxicity and biodegradability. J. Hazar. Mat., 217– 218, 217–223, 2012.
  • Photolysis of flumequine: Identification of the major phototransformation products and toxicity measures. Chemosphere 88, 627–634, 2012.

Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa

Thesis title:

A Study of the Genotoxic Implications and Enhancement Technologies for Solar Disinfection (SODIS) of Drinking Water.


Completion date: 2009
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Departament of Physiology and Medical Physics
Research Centre: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Kevin McGuigan and Dr. Pilar Fernández Ibáñez.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Effectiveness of solar disinfection using batch reactors with non-imaging Aluminium reflectors under real conditions: natural well water and solar light. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biology, 93 (2008) 155-161.
  • Bactericidal effect of solar water disinfection under real sunlight conditions. Appl. & Environ. Microbiol., 74 (2008) 2997-3001.
  • Investigating the microbial inactivation efficiency of a 25 L batch solar disinfection (SODIS) reactor enhanced with a compound parabolic collector (CPC) for household use. J. Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 85 (2010), 1028-1037.
  • A Preliminary Ames-Fluctuation Assay Assessment of the Genotoxicity of Drinking Water that has been Solar Disinfected in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles. J. Water & Health, 8 (2010) 712-719.
  • Solar disinfection of drinking water (SODIS): An investigation of the effect of UVA dose on inactivation efficiency. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 8 (2009) 587-595.
  • Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS): A review from bench-top to roof-top. J. Hazardous Materials, 235–236 (2012) 29–46.

Cosima Sichel

Thesis title:

Solar photocatalytic disinfection of plant pathogen Fusarium species in water.


Completion date: 2008
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Pilar Fernández Ibáñez and Dr. Javier Tello Marquina.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Lethal synergy of solar UV-radiation and H2O2 on wild Fusarium solani spores in distilled and natural well water. Water Research, 43 (2009) 1841-1850.
  • Effect of UV solar intensity and dose on the photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria and fungi. Catalysis Today 129 (2007) 152-160.
  • Effects of experimental conditions on E. coli survival during solar photocatalytic water disinfection. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 189 (2007) 239-246.
  • Solar photocatalytic disinfection of agricultural pathogenic fungi: Fusarium species. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 74 (2007) 152-160.
  • Water disinfection by solar photocatalysis using compound parabolic collectors. Catalysis Today, 101 (2005) 345-352.

Isabel Oller Alberola

Thesis title:

Depuración de aguas contaminadas con tóxicos persistentes mediante combinación de fotocatálisis solar y oxidación biológica.

Decontamination of water containing persistent toxic substances by combination of solar photocatalysis and biotreatment.


Completion date: 2008
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. José A. Sánchez-Pérez .

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Photocatalytic treatment of Dimethoate by solar photocatalysis at pilot plant scale. Environ. Chem. Letters, 3, 118-121, 2005.
  • Solar photocatalytic degradation of some hazardous water-soluble pesticides at pilot-plant scale. J. Hazar. Mat., B138, 507-517. 2006.
  • Solar heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysis as a pre-treatment option for biotreatment. Res. Chem. Interm., 33(3-5), 407-420. 2007.
  • A combined solar photocatalytic-biological field system for the mineralization of an industrial pollutant at pilot scale. Catalysis Today, 122, 150-159, 2007.
  • AOPs-Biological system for wastewater containing a recalcitrant pollutant. Wat. Sci. Technol., 55(12), 229-235, 2007.
  • Detoxification of wastewater containing five common pesticides by Solar AOPs-Biological coupled system. Catalysis Today, 129, 69-78, 2007.
  • Pre-Industrial-Scale Combined Solar Photo-Fenton and Immobilised Biomass Activated-Sludge Bio-treatment. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, 7467-7475, 2007.
  • Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination-A review. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 4141–4166, 2011.

Leónidas A. Pérez Estrada

Thesis title:

Degradación fotoquímica de contaminantes emergentes mediante procesos solares. Evaluación analítica.

Photochemical degradation of emerging contaminants by solar processes. Analytical evaluation.


Completion date: 2008
University of Almería - Dep. Hydrology and Analytical Chemistry.
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Ana Agüera López.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Photodegradation of malachite green under natural sunlight irradiation: Kinetic and toxicity of the transformation products. Chemosphere, 70, 2068-2075. 2008
  • Degradation of dipyrone and its main intermediates by solar AOPs. Identification of intermediate products and toxicity assessment. Catalysis Today, 129, 207-214. 2007.
  • Photo-Fenton degradation of diclofenac: Identification of main intermediates and degradation pathway. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 8300-8306. 2005.
  • Application of time-of-flight mass spectrometry to the analysis of phototransformation products of diclofenac in water under natural sunlight. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 40, 908-915. 2005.
  • Decomposition of diclofenac by solar driven photocatalysis at pilot plant scale. Catalysis Today, 101, 219- 226. 2005.

María de la Menta Ballesteros Martín

Thesis title:

Eliminación de plaguicidas no biodegradables en aguas mediante acoplamiento de fotocatálisis solar y oxidación biológica.

Elimination of non-biodegradable pesticides in water by coupling solar photocatalysis and bio-oxidation


Completion date: 2008
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: CIESOL (Joint Centre UAL-CIEMAT).

Supervisors: Dr. Jose A. Sánchez Pérez and Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Combined photo-Fenton and biological oxidation for pesticide degradation. Effect of photo-treated intermediates on biodegradation kinetics. Chemosphere, 70, 1476-1483, 2008
  • A kinetics study on the biodegradation of synthetic wastewater simulating effluent from an advanced oxidation process sing Pseudomonas putida CECT 324.  J. Hazard. Mat. 151, 780–788, 2008.
  • Degradation of alachlor and pyrimethanil by combined photo-Fenton and biological oxidation. J. Hazard. Mat., 155, 342–349, 2008.
  • Degradation of a four-pesticide mixture by combined photo-Fenton and biological oxidation. Wat. Res., 43, 653-660, 2009.
  • Effect of pesticide concentration on the degradation process by combined solar photo-Fenton and biological treatment. Wat. Res., 43, 3838-3848, 2009.
  • A comparative study of different tests for biodegradability enhancement determination during AOP treatment of recalcitrant toxic aqueous solutions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73, 1189–1195, 2010.

Wolfgang Gernjak

Thesis title:

Solar photo-Fenton treatment of EU priority substances. Process parameters and control strategies.


Completion date: 2007
Univ. Natural Resources and Appl. Life (BOKU, Vienna, Austria). Depart. für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt.
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisor: Dr. Prof. Maria Fürhacker (BOKU).

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Photo-Fenton treatment of water containing natural phenolic pollutants. Chemosphere, 50, 71-78, 2003.
  • Treatment of chlorinated solvents by TiO2 photocatalysis and photo-Fenton: influence of operating conditions in a solar pilot plant. Chemosphere, 58, 391-398, 2005.
  • Solar photo-Fenton treatment—Process parameters and process control. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 64, 121–130, 2006.
  • Photo-Fenton degradation of Alachlor, Atrazine, Chlorfenvinphos, Diuron, Isoproturon and Pentachlorophenol at Solar Pilot Plant. Int. J. Environ. Poll., 27 (1-3), 135-146, 2006.
  • Dynamic Models for Hydrogen Peroxide Control in Solar Photo-Fenton Systems. J. Solar Energy Eng., 129, 37-44, 2007.
  • Photocatalytic degradation of EU priority substances: a comparison between TiO2 and photo-Fenton in a solar pilot plant. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 185, 354-363, 2007.

Margarita Hincapié

Thesis title:

Degradación fotocatalítica de plaguicidas (alacloro, atrazina, diuron y thiodan) en agua.

Photocatalytic degradation of pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, diuron and thiodan) in water


Completion date: 2007
Univ. Antioquia (Colombia). Faculty Environmental Engineering
Research Centre: Univ. Antioquia and Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Gustavo Peñuela and Dr. Manuel Ignacio Maldonado.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Solar Photocatalytic degradation and detoxification of EU priority substances. Catalysis Today, 101 (2005) 203-210.
  • Degradation of pesticides in water using solar advanced oxidation processes. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 64 (2006) 272-281.

Iván Muñoz Ortiz

Thesis title:

Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for Green Chemistry: Application to Different Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment.


Completion date: 2006
Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. Dep. Chemistry.
Research Centre: Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona.

Supervisors: Dr. Xavier Domènech and Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Environmental Assessment of Different Solar Driven Advanced Oxidation Processes. Solar Energy, 79, 369-375, 2005
  • Environmental assessment of different advanced oxidation processes applied to a bleaching Draft mill effluent. Chemosphere, 62, 9-16, 2006
  • Life cycle assessment of a coupled solar photocatalytic-biological process for wastewater treatment. Wat. Res., 40, 3533-3540. 2006.
  • Life cycle assessment of a coupled advanced oxidation-biological process for wastewater treatment. Comparison with granular activated carbon adsorption. Environ. Engineering Sci., 24(5), 638-651, 2007.
  • Integration of environmental and economic performance of processes. Case study on advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. J. Adv. Oxid. Technol., 11, 270-275, 2008.

Pilar Fernández Ibáñez

Thesis title:

Propiedades Coloidales de partículas de TiO2: Aplicación al tratamiento fotocatalítico solar de aguas.

Colloidal properties of TiO2 particles: Application in solar photocatalytic treatment of water.


Completion date: 2004
Univ. Granada, Spain. Dep. Appl. Physics
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. F. Javier de las Nieves.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Relationship between TiO2 particle size and reactor diameter in solar photodegradation efficiency. Catalysis Today, 54, 195-204, 1999.
  • Titanium dioxide/electrolyte solution interface: electron transfer phenomena. J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 227, 510-516, 2000.
  • Pilot-plant scale separation and reuse of TiO2 photocatalyst in degrading reactions. Entropie, 228, 22-26, 2000.
  • Application of the colloidal stability of TiO2 particles for recovery and reuse in solar photocatalysis. Wat. Res., 37, 3180-3188, 2003.

Julián Blanco Gálvez

Thesis title:

Desarrollo de colectores solares sin concentración para aplicaciones fotoquímicas de degradación de contaminantes persistentes en agua.

Development of non-concentrating solar collector for photochemical applications. Degradation of persistent contaminants in water.


Completion date: 2002
University of Almería - Dep. Appl. Physics.
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Manuel Collares-Pereira.

Book:

  • Solar Detoxification. UNESCO Publishing, France. ISBN 92-3-103916-4. 2003.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Techno-economical assesment of solar detoxification systems with compound parabolic collectors. J. Phys. IV, Pr 3, 259-264. 1999.
  • Compound parabolic concentrator technology development to commercial solar detoxification applications. Solar Energy, 67(4-6), 317-330, 2000.
  • Treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol by solar photocatalysis: comparison of coupled photocatalytic-active carbon vs. active carbon. J. Solar En. Engin., 123, 138-142, 2001.
  • New large solar photocatalytic plant: set-up and preliminary results. Chemosphere, 47, 235-240, 2002.
  • Photocatalysis with solar energy at a pilot-plant scale: an overview. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 37, 1-15, 2002.

Julia Cáceres Vázquez

Thesis title:

Evaluación analítica y optimización de procesos de oxidación avanzada en planta piloto solar.

Analytical evaluation and optimization of advanced oxidation processes in a solar pilot plant.


Completion date: 2002
University of Almería - Dep. Analytical Chemistry
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Degradation of imidacloprid in water by photo-Fenton and TiO2 photocatalysis at a solar pilot plant: a comparative study. Env. Sci. Technol., 35, 4359-4366, 2001.
  • Toxicity assays: a way for evaluating AOPs efficiency. Wat. Res., 36, 4255-4262, 2002.
  • Photocatalytic treatment of water-soluble pesticides by photo-Fenton and TiO2 using solar energy. Catalysis Today, 76, 209-220, 2002.
  • Photocatalytic treatment of diuron by solar photocatalysis: evaluation of main intermediates and toxicity. Env. Sci. Technol., 37, 2516-2524, 2003.

Manuel I. Maldonado

Thesis title:

Descontaminación de aguas de lavado de envases de plaguicidas mediante fotocatálisis solar.

Decontamination of water from pesticides containers rinsing by solar photocatalysis.


Completion date: 2001
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisors: Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez and Dr. Ana Agüera López.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Pre-industrial experience in solar photocatalytic mineralization of real wastewaters. Application to pesticide container recycling. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40 (4-5), 123-130, 1999.
  • Solar photocatalytic mineralization of commercial pesticides: Methamidophos. Chemosphere, 38 (5), 1145-1156, 1999.
  • Solar photocatalytic mineralization of commercial pesticides: Oxamyl. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 64, 1-14, 2000.
  • Solar photocatalytic decontamination of wastewater from the rinsing of pesticide containers. J. Phys. IV France, 9, Pr3-277-282, 1999.
  • Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid in industrial water by GC-MS and LC-MS. Analusis, 26, 245-251, 1998.
  • Photocatalytic pilot scale degradation study of pyrimetanil and of its main degradation products in waters by means of solid-phase extraction followed by gas and liquid cromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Environ. Sci. & Technol., 34(8), 1563-1571, 2000.
  • Optimization of pre-industrial solar photocatalytic mineralization of commercial pesticides. Application to pesticide container recycling. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 25, 31-28, 2000.
  • Techno-economical assesment of solar detoxification systems with compound parabolic collectors. J. Phys. IV France, 9, Pr3-259-264, 1999.
  • Optimising Solar Photocatalytic Mineralization of Pesticides by Adding Inorganic Oxidising Species: Application to the Recycling of Pesticide Containers. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 28, 163-174, 2000.

Sixto Malato

Thesis title:

Solar photocatalytic decomposition of pentachlorophenol dissolved in water.


Completion date: 1997
University of Almería - Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Centre: Water Treatment Unit (PSA).

Supervisor: Dr. Dr. Manuel Romero.

Related peer-reviewed articles:

  • Large solar plant photocatalytic water decontamination: degradation of pentachlorophenol. Chemosphere, 26(12), 2103-2119, 1993.
  • Large solar plant photocatalytic water decontamination: degradation of atrazine. Solar Energy, 56(5), 411-419. 1996.
  • Large solar plant photocatalytic water decontamination: effect of operational parameters. Solar Energy, 56(5), 421-428. 1996.
  • Photocatalysis and radiation absorption in a solar plant. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 44, 199-217. 1996.
  • Low concentrating CPC collectors for photocatalytic water detoxification. Comparison with a medium concentrating solar collector. Wat. Sci. Tech., 35(4), 157-164. 1997.
  • Enhancement of the rate of solar photocatalytic mineralization of organic pollutants by inorganic species. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 17, 347-356. 1998.